Description
While depleted oil and gas fields can provide important storage capacity for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), injection of carbon dioxide into extremely pressure depleted hydrocarbon fields can be problematic due to the phase change of CO₂ that can cause flow instability and result in adverse physical phenomena, such as the cooling associated with the latent heat of vaporization and Joule-Thomson cooling which could damage the completion equipment, reduce the hydrostatic head of CO₂ and make it difficult to inject carbon dioxide. This presentation describes the problem with CO2 flashing in the injection string and proposes solution to this problem using a combination of variable, autonomous or surface-controlled, flow control devices strategically placed in the injection tubing string to provide stepwise pressure drops with depth, and passive flow control at the reservoir interface.