The projected self-sufficiency of energy in North America is due to the success of horizontal wells and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing.   The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 140 billion gallons of water are needed annually for hydraulic fracturing operations in the United States alone. While that is just a fraction of the total US water …

Historically, AFEs have been thought of as a piece of paper circulated as a formality to allow executives to approve or reject, based on their merits and available budget.  Early AFE workflows centered on moving a folder or packet of papers around the company.  A common occurrence was the walk around the office looking for …